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/home/.sites/685/site2987125/web/vivid/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/pro/fields/class-acf-field-clone.php on line 35 Tabaksteuer - VIVID - Fachstelle für Suchtprävention

Tabaksteuer

Die Höhe der Tabaksteuer ist in Österreich im Tabaksteuergesetz festgelegt. Im Jahr 2020 betrug sie 37,5 Prozent des Kleinverkaufspreises und zusätzlich 58 Euro pro 1.000 Stück Zigaretten.

Zusammensetzung und Wirksamkeit

Das Tabaksteuergesetz bestimmt die Besteuerung von Tabakwaren. Die Tabaksteuer in Österreich setzt sich aus Fixkosten (58 Euro pro 1.000 Stück Zigaretten) und variablen Kosten (37,5 Prozent des Brutto- oder Kleinverkaufspreises) zusammen. So beträgt beispielsweise der Verkaufspreis einer Zigarettenpackung Marlboro, der am häufigsten gekauften Marke in Österreich, nach Steuer aktuell 5,50 Euro.

Höhere Steuer führt zu weniger Nachfrage

Führen zusätzliche Steuern auf ungesunde Produkte zu einem Rückgang von nicht übertragbaren Krankheiten wie Schlaganfall, Herzinfarkt und Krebs? Diese Frage beantwortete eine in „The Lancet“ publizierte Metaanalyse – auch am Beispiel der Tabaksteuer – eindeutig mit „Ja“: Die  Auswertung von über 300 internationalen Studien ergab, dass höhere Preise die Nachfrage nach ungesunden Produkten wie Tabakprodukten, Zucker und Alkohol vor allem bei einkommensschwachen Bevölkerungsgruppen senken können. Diese Gruppen seien gleichzeitig besonders oft von Erkrankungen und damit verbundenen finanziellen Auswirkungen betroffen.

Nur deutliche Steuererhöhung ist effektiv, geringe Erhöhung bringt nichts

Eine deutliche Anhebung des Preises über die Tabaksteuer gilt als enorm effektive Maßnahme zur Reduktion des Nikotinkonsums. Die Anhebung muss allerdings hoch genug sein, sonst verpufft der Effekt. Gute Erfolgt zeigte sich international bei einer Erhöhung um zehn Prozent. Eine nur geringe Erhöhung bringt hingegen nichts, sondern wird im Gegenteil von der Tabakindustrie häufig dazu genutzt, um eigene Preiserhöhungen darin zu verstecken, stellt das Deutsche Krebsforschungszentrum fest.

Gleichzeitig erhöhen sich durch höhere Steuern auch die Einnahmen des Staates. Weniger Rauchende führen also nicht zu weniger Einnahmen des Staates, denn die weniger Rauchenden zahlen mehr Steuer. Dies gleicht den Verlust aus. Eine Metaanalyse an über 100 Studien zu diesem Thema zeigte: Obwohl der Anteil der Rauchenden sinkt, gewinnt durch eine deutliche Erhöhung der Tabaksteuer auch der Staat an Einnahmen. Im Jahr 2019 nahm der Staat Österreich insgesamt 1,89 Milliarden Euro an Tabaksteuer ein, das sind 213 Euro jährlich pro Kopf.

Wirksam vor allem bei Jugendlichen, jungen Erwachsenen und ärmeren Menschen

Der Preis spielt vor allem in jenen Bevölkerungsgruppen eine Rolle, die weniger Geld haben. Denn grundsätzlich gilt: Wer weniger Geld hat, reagiert besonders sensibler auf Preiserhöhungen. Dementsprechend wirken sich deutlich teurere Zigaretten vor allem auf das Konsumverhalten von Jugendlichen, jungen Erwachsenen und sozioökonomisch Benachteiligten aus. Gerade letztere haben einen hohen Anteil an Rauchenden, zeigen Untersuchungen.

Vor diesem Hintergrund kann die Erhöhung der Tabaksteuer mittelfristig ein Beitrag zur Verringerung sozialer Ungleichheit sein. Das gilt auch für Länder. Während Tabakkonsum weltweit leicht rückläufig ist, steigt er vor allem in ärmeren Ländern drastisch an. Dies könnte auch mit der unterschiedlichen Steuerpolitik zusammenhängen.

 Gleiche Besteuerung für alle Tabakprodukte sinnvoll

Doch auch zwischen den anderen Tabakprodukten gibt es Unterschiede: So ist Tabak zum Selbstdrehen ebenso wie die Zigaretten von Tabakerhitzern niedriger besteuert als traditionelle Tabakzigaretten aus der Schachtel. Diese haben den höchsten Steuersatz. Trotzdem sind Zigaretten in Österreich im Vergleich zum Einkommen besonders billig: Sie kosten um 16 Prozent weniger als im EU-Schnitt. E-Zigaretten fallen in Österreich nicht unter die Hoheit der Tabaksteuer. Sie sind nur mit Mehrwertsteuer besteuert.

Dabei zeigte sich: Am sinnvollsten im Sinne der Suchtprävention ist die gleiche Besteuerung aller Tabakprodukte. Denn ansonsten wird ein Ausweichen auf niedriger besteuerte Produkte provoziert.

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