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/home/.sites/685/site2987125/web/vivid/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/pro/fields/class-acf-field-clone.php on line 35 Freihandelsabkommen - VIVID - Fachstelle für Suchtprävention

Freihandelsabkommen & Tabak

Freihandelsabkommen hängen mit dem Thema Tabak zusammen, denn Staaten, die Tabak und Nikotin reglementieren, werden auch auf Basis von Freihandelsabkommen geklagt.

Tabakindustrie verklagt Staaten

Es kommt vor, dass Tabakkonzerne gegen Gesetze klagen, welche aus ihrer Sicht ungerechtfertigt sind. Dies trifft staatliche Maßnahmen wie etwa Steuererhöhungen, Rauchverbote, Regulierung von Zusatzstoffen oder größere Warnhinweise auf Verpackungen. Klagen sind ein Weg, um die Umsetzung zu verhindern oder zumindest hinauszuzögern. Drei prominente Beispiele seien hier genannt, bei denen Freihandelsabkommen die zentrale Rolle spielten: Australien, Uruguay und die Europäische Union.

Australien führte standardisierte Verpackungen für Tabakwaren ein. Philip Morris klagte wegen vermeintlich „indirekter Enteignung“ auf Basis eines Freihandelsabkommens – und verlor.

Verklagt auf ein Sechstel des Bruttoinlandsprodukts

Uruguay wollte von jeder Zigarettenfirma nur mehr eine Marke zulassen und 80 Prozent der Zigarettenpackungen mit Warnhinweisen versehen. Philip Morris klagte wegen „geistigem Eigentum“ und „Schutz von Investitionen“ – und verlor. Der Kampf vor Gericht hatte sechs Jahre gedauert. Sechs Jahre nach Einreichung der Klage wurde diese im Jahr 2016 zurückgewiesen. Weltweit berichteten Medien darüber.

Ursprünglich klagte Philip Morris Uruguay sogar auf ein Sechstel des Bruttoinlandsprodukts. Nur mithilfe von Haftungen durch internationale Stiftungen konnte sich Uruguay leisten, sich gegen die Klage juristisch zu wehren und so bei den geplanten Maßnahmen gegen das Rauchen zu bleiben.

Die EU beschloss eine neue Tabakprodukte-Richtlinie mit größeren Warnhinweisen, dem Verbot mancher Zusatzstoffe und der Möglichkeit, standardisierte Verpackungen einzuführen. Der Staat Polen und die Tabakkonzerne British American Tobacco und Philip Morris klagten – und verloren vor dem Europäischen Gerichtshof.

Sogar wenn Tabakkonzerne Klagen verlieren, nützt es ihnen indirekt trotzdem

Dass Tabakkonzerne Staaten klagen, mehrte sich seit den 2000er Jahren. Die meisten der bisherigen Klagen verloren die Konzerne. Aber sie gewannen indirekt trotzdem. Denn dadurch wurden andere Staaten von ähnlichen Maßnahmen abgehalten. Manche hatten schlichtweg Sorge oder Angst, auch verklagt zu werden.

Die Mehrzahl dieser Klagen verlieren die Konzerne wie Laura Graen recherchierte. Trotzdem bringt es den Konzernen etwas: Sie schüchtern damit möglicherweise andere Staaten ein, die ähnliche Gesetze planen. Sie statuieren Exempel und hoffen, dass andere Staaten vor Tabakkontrolle zurückschrecken. So setzte Neuseeland die geplante Einführung standardisierter Verpackungen aus, nachdem Australien für dieselbe Maßnahme verklagt worden war. Klagen nach Freihandelsabkommen bedeuten Verzögerung von Tabakkontrolle.

Ursprünglich wurden Freihandelsabkommen geschlossen, um vor willkürlicher Gewalt und willkürlicher Enteignung von Staaten zu schützen. Mit „indirekter Enteignung“ wird nun häufig auch im Bereich Tabak geklagt, um Gesetze zu verhindern oder zu verzögern.

Fälle wie diese erregen international Aufsehen, weil weitere ähnliche Klagen befürchtet werden. Das Health and Trade Network warnt davor, dass Schiedsgerichte eine Gefahr für die Gesundheitspolitik sind. Konzerne könnten Staaten verklagen, um ihre Investitionen zu schützen. Gerade im Bereich Tabak und Nikotin sei dies hochgradig relevant.

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