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/home/.sites/685/site2987125/web/vivid/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/pro/fields/class-acf-field-clone.php on line 35 Nikotinabhängigkeit - VIVID - Fachstelle für Suchtprävention
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VIVID INSIDE

Nikotinabhängigkeit

Der Konsum von Zigarette, E-Zigarette, Nikotinbeutel und Co kann von Gewohnheit bis zu Sucht werden. Verantwortlich dafür ist Nikotin. Nicht jede Person, die regelmäßig Nikotin konsumiert, ist abhängig. Nikotin kann jedoch rasch zu Sucht führen. Es ruft sowohl körperliche als auch psychische Abhängigkeit hervor.

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ANFRAGEN

Körperliche und psychische Abhängigkeit

Die körperliche Abhängigkeit ist durch Prozesse im Gehirn zu erklären. Nikotin bindet im Gehirn an Nikotinrezeptoren unter anderem auf Dopaminneuronen. Dadurch wird im Belohnungszentrum des Gehirns Dopamin freigesetzt. Dieser erhöhte Dopaminspiegel weckt das Bedürfnis nach Nikotin. Körperliche Abhängigkeit entsteht. Fatalerweise gewöhnt sich der Körper an das Nikotin und bildet immer mehr Nikotinrezeptoren. Durch die Toleranzbildung sind immer größere Mengen an Nikotin notwendig, um dieselbe Wirkung zu erzielen oder um Entzugssymptome zu vermeiden.

Nikotin führt dazu, dass das Gehirn Dopamin ausschüttet. Dadurch wird auch ein Bereich im präfrontalen Cortex stimuliert, der an Lernvorgängen beteiligt ist. So kommt es zu einer Verknüpfung von Nikotin-Konsum mit bestimmten Situationen, in denen üblicherweise geraucht wird. Wenn jemand Zigaretten raucht, kann sein, dass er immer zum Kaffeetrinken oder immer nach dem Essen das Bedürfnis danach hat. Durch diese Konditionierung entsteht psychische Abhängigkeit, sodass allein eine bestimmte Situation bereits das Verlangen nach einer Zigarette hervorruft.

Psychische Abhängigkeit ist häufig mit sozialer Abhängigkeit verknüpft. So spielt es eine Rolle, ob im sozialen Umfeld (Familie, Freundeskreis) geraucht wird oder nicht. Umgekehrt ist erwiesen, dass ein wenig rauchendes soziales Umfeld das Aufhören erleichtert.

Rasche Abhängigkeit möglich

Laut einer kanadischen Studie finden sich bereits zweieinhalb Monate nach dem ersten Paffen Anzeichen mentaler Tabakabhängigkeit. In der Studie an rund 1300 kanadischen Schüler*innen wurde bereits nach fünf Monaten von suchttypischem „Craving“ und körperlicher Abhängigkeit berichtet. Entzugsbeschwerden traten bereits elf Monate nach der ersten Zigarette auf. Durchschnittlich zwei Jahre nach der ersten Zigarette rauchten die Schüler*innen bereits täglich.

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