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/home/.sites/685/site2987125/web/vivid/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/pro/fields/class-acf-field-clone.php on line 35 E-Zigarette und Rauchbeginn - VIVID - Fachstelle für Suchtprävention

E-Zigarette und Rauchbeginn

Kann E-Zigarette dazu anregen, mit dem Rauchen zu beginnen? Ja. Man spricht dabei vom sogenannten „Gateway-Effekt“. Die E-Zigarette kann demnach das Tor in den späteren Tabakkonsum sein.

Erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit, auch mit Tabak zu beginnen

Wird, wer E-Zigarette konsumiert, mit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit später zu Tabakzigarette umsteigen – verglichen mit jenen, die keine E-Zigarette rauchen? Ist die E-Zigarette das Tor zur Tabakzigarette, Nikotin das Tor zu Tabak? Damit beschäftigt sich die Gateway-Theorie.

Ja, wer E-Zigarette konsumiert, hat ein höheres Risiko, auch zur Tabakzigarette zu greifen. Bestätigungen für dieRichtigkeit der Gateway-Theorie gibt es viele: Eine Metaanalyse untersuchte auf Basis von 9.199 Studien die Frage, ob E-Zigaretten zum Wechsel auf Tabakprodukte anregen. Sie stellte einen Zusammenhang fest: Wer mit E-Zigaretten anfängt, wird mit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit in seinem späteren Leben zu Tabak umsteigen. Mit anderen Worten: Nichtrauchende hatten eine 4,5 Mal geringere Wahrscheinlichkeit mit dem Tabak-Rauchen zu beginnen als E-Zigaretten-Konsument*innen. Eingeschlossen wurden Studien, die Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene (bis 30 Jahre) untersuchten.

Ein australischer Review nahm alle weltweiten Studien unter die Lupe, die die Evidenz von E-Zigaretten und Rauchverhalten untersuchten. Wer als Nichtraucher mit dem Konsum von E-Zigaretten beginnt, hat demnach eine rund drei Mal so hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit, auch mit Tabakzigaretten zu beginnen. Während ein einziger Nichtraucher mit dem Rauchen von Tabak-Zigaretten begann, wurden also drei Dampfer zu Rauchern von Tabak. Dampfen war im Vergleich zu Nichtrauchen mit einem signifikant höheren Risiko für Tabak-Beginn verknüpft.

Eine andere Studie beobachtete nicht das tatsächliche Rauchverhalten, aber befragte Menschen nach ihrer Bereitschaft zu rauchen. Jugendliche E-Zigaretten-Nutzer*innen gaben 2,4 Mal so häufig an, auch Tabakzigaretten rauchen zu wollen. Sie hatten auch deutlich positivere Erwartungen an das Rauchen als nicht-rauchende Jugendliche.

Dass dies unabhängig von Kultur und Land der Fall ist, bestätigt eine Studie aus Thailand. Untersucht wurden Schüler*innen der siebten Schulstufe in einem 12-Monats-Follow-up. Wer in der ersten Erhebung aktuell E-Zigarette konsumiert hatte, hat ein Jahr später im Vergleich zu Nikotin-Abstinenten mit 5,3-facher Wahrscheinlichkeit Tabakzigaretten probiert (Ever user), rauchte mit 3,9-facher Wahrscheinlichkeit aktuell Tabakzigaretten (Current user) und rauchte 7-fach so häufig paralle E-Zigarette und Tabakzigarette (Dual user).

Der Gateway-Effekt trifft umso eher ein, je eher jemand eine grundsätzliche psychologische Neigung zum Rauchen hat, fand eine Studie heraus.

Häufig von Jugendlichen probiertes Produkt

Unter österreichischen Jugendlichen ist E-Zigarette bereits ein häufig konsumiertes Produkt, wenn es auch häufig beim Probierkonsum und beim gelegentlichen Konsum bleibt. Die ESPAD-Studie 2019 untersuchte das Suchtverhalten österreichischer Schüler*innen und fand heraus: Vier von zehn 14- bis 17-Jährige (60,5 Prozent) haben bereits Konsumerfahrungen mit E-Zigarette. Bei den 17-jährigen Schüler*innen hat knapp die Hälfte (48,8 Prozent) bereits E-Zigarette konsumiert, und mit 1,9 Prozent tut dies jede/r 50. sogar täglich oder fast täglich. Der tägliche Konsum entspricht damit fast jenem der Erwachsenen. In einer anderen Befragung von Schüler*innen, der HBSC-Studie.

Auch wer später nicht auf Tabak umsteigt, ist durch den Konsum von E-Zigarette gefährdet, eine Abhängigkeit von Nikotin zu entwickeln. Denn wenn E-Zigaretten Nikotin enthalten, können sie süchtig machen. Ihre pharmakologische Wirkung mit Aromen ist noch wenig bekannt.

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