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/home/.sites/685/site2987125/web/vivid/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/pro/fields/class-acf-field-clone.php on line 35 E-Zigarette - VIVID - Fachstelle für Suchtprävention

E-Zigarette

E-Zigaretten zählen zu den E-Inhalationsprodukten. Sie simulieren das Rauchen mit technischen Mitteln, ohne dabei Tabak zu verbrennen. Stattdessen wird eine Flüssigkeit – mit Aromen und häufig Nikotin – erhitzt und anschließend durch Inhalation konsumiert.

Meistens mit Nikotin

Von einem chinesischen Pharmazeuten erfunden und patentiert, sind E-Zigaretten ein relativ junges Produkt. 2004 wurden sie erstmals in China verkauft. Spätestens seit Ende der 2000er Jahren erobern sie die globalen Märkte: Bereits im Jahr 2013 wurden laut WHO E-Zigaretten um 3 Milliarden US-Dollar verkauft. Es gab 466 registrierte Marken.

In der Europäischen Union wurden allein seit 20.5.2014, dem Beginn der Registrierungspflicht, bis 2020 973 neue Marken sogenannter „Novel Tobacco Products“ registriert. Der Großteil davon fällt auf E-Zigaretten. Auffällig ist, dass die Anzahl neuer Produkte auch in der EU jährlich steigt: von einem neuen Produkt im Jahr 2015 auf 498 im Jahr 2020.

Es gibt E-Zigaretten als Einweg-Produkte oder zum Nachfüllen. Nachgefüllt wird eine Flüssigkeit („Liquid“ genannt), die mit Aromastoffen versetzt ist. Diese gibt es in verschiedenen, meist Dutzenden oder Hunderten Geschmacksrichtungen. Die Vielfalt an Geschmacksrichtungen ist ein wichtiger Faktor für Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene, warum sie E-Zigarette konsumieren.

Alle Arten von E-Zigaretten gibt es mit und ohne Nikotin, wobei in der Praxis vorwiegend solche mit Nikotin verkauft und konsumiert werden.

Der Fachterminus für E-Zigaretten und E-Inhalationsprodukte lautet „Electronic (Non) Nicotin Delivery Systems“ [E(N)NDS]. Darin sind alle Produkte mit dieser Funktionsweise inkludiert, unabhängig von ihrem Nikotingehalt und unabhängig von ihrem Markennamen. Manche Arten werden unter dem Namen „E-Shisha“ verkauft. Formal sind auch sie E-Zigaretten.

Suchtpotenzial wie konventionelle Zigarette

Von E-Zigaretten kann man genauso süchtig werden wie von konventionellen Tabakzigaretten. In der Öffentlichkeit wird diskutiert, ob E-Zigaretten zur Entwöhnung taugen. Dabei wird jedoch der Begriff „Entwöhnung“ umdefiniert. Die Suchtprävention definiert „Entwöhnung“ als Freiheit von Sucht. Wer von Tabakzigarette auf E-Zigarette umsteigt, ist nach wie vor Raucher*in.

Im Vergleich zum Weiterrauchen von konventionellen Tabakzigaretten ist die E-Zigarette nach derzeitigem Wissensstand weniger schädlich für die Gesundheit. Von einem Rückgang akuter rauchbedingter Gesundheitsbeeinträchtigungen ist jedoch nur bei vollständigem Wechsel von konventioneller Zigarette auf E-Zigaretten auszugehen.

Die meisten Nutzer*innen rauchen parallel zur E-Zigarette jedoch auch konventionelle Tabakzigarette. Selbst wer ganz aufs Dampfen umsteigt, darf sich für seine Gesundheit nicht in Sicherheit wiegen. Auch der Passivrauch von E-Zigaretten ist schädlich, wenn auch hier gilt, dass das Schädigungspotenzial geringer zu sein scheint als durch Tabak.

Nach österreichischem Recht sind E-Zigaretten „Verwandte Erzeugnisse“. Wie für Tabakerzeugnisse gilt für sie das Rauchverbot in der Gastronomie, Jugendschutz bis 18 Jahre und Werbeverbot. Sie fallen jedoch nicht unter die Tabaksteuer und haben daher einen deutlich niedrigeren Steuersatz. Sie müssen auch weniger gekennzeichnet und nicht mit Warnhinweisen versehen werden. Für E-Zigaretten gilt das Tabakmonopol nicht. Sie sind nach einem Urteil des österreichischen Verfassungsgerichtshofs aus dem Jahr 2015 frei verkäuflich. In der Europäischen Union dürfen E-Inhalationsprodukte eine maximale Nikotin-Dosis von 20 Milligramm pro Milliliter haben.

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