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/home/.sites/685/site2987125/web/vivid/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/pro/fields/class-acf-field-clone.php on line 35 Was Rauchen mit Schlaf zu tun hat - VIVID - Fachstelle für Suchtprävention

Was Rauchen mit Schlaf zu tun hat

Frühaufsteher rauchen weniger als Menschen, die spät einschlafen und spät aufstehen. Der Schlaf-Rhythmus beeinflusst den Nikotinkonsum.

Schlafstörungen begünstigen Rauchen

Was hat der biologische Rhythmus, genauer gesagt der Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus, mit dem Rauchen zu tun? Dieses Thema griff anhand konventioneller Zigaretten eine Studie der Universität München auf. Sie setzte das Schlafverhalten in Bezug zum Rauchverhalten.

Alle untersuchten Menschen waren gerade in der Phase, wo sie mit dem Rauchen aufhörten. Sie alle nahmen an Entwöhnseminaren teil und wurden vor, während und nach der Entwöhnung über insgesamt je neun Wochen wissenschaftlich bezüglich ihrem Schlafverhalten begleitet.

Früher und später Chronotyp

Die Studie untersuchte einerseits Menschen, die früh aufstehen und früh schlafen gehen („Früher Chronotyp“). Diese Gruppe hat im Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus wenig Unterschied zwischen Arbeitstagen und freien Tagen. Sie steht zu ähnlichen Zeiten auf und geht zu ähnlichen Zeiten zu Bett.

Andererseits untersuchte die Studie Menschen, die spät aufstehen und spät schlafen gehen („Später Chronotyp“). Diese Gruppe hat im Rhythmus besonders große Unterschiede zwischen Werktagen und freien Tagen: An Arbeitstagen stehen diese Menschen deutlich früher auf als an arbeitsfreien Tagen. Oft handelt es sich dabei um eine Differenz von mehreren Stunden. Die Forscher*innen sprechen hier von „sozialem Jetlag“. Diese Gruppe hatte auch häufiger mit Schlafstörungen zu kämpfen.

Menschen, die dem späten Chronotyp zuzurechnen sind, rauchen eher, stellte die Studie aus München fest. Dass in der Gruppe der Spät-Schlafengeher*innen der Anteil der Rauchenden signifikant höher ist, bestätigt auch eine andere Studie.

Henne und Ei

Die Forschungsgruppe aus München stellte dann die Frage, was worauf wirkt: Wirkt sich der späte Schlafrhythmus auf den Tabakkonsum aus? Rauchen Menschen also eher, wenn sie spät zu Bett gehen? Oder geht später zu Bett, wer raucht?

Was war also zuerst: Die Henne oder das Ei? Der späte Schlafrhythmus oder der Nikotinkonsum? Rauchen Menschen mehr, weil sie nicht einschlafen können – etwa als Bewältigungsstrategie für Schlafstörungen? Oder schlafen sie nicht ein, weil sie rauchen?

Gleicher Schlafrhythmus

Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass Ersteres zutrifft. Der Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus verändert sich nicht, wenn jemand zu rauchen aufhört. Nach der Entwöhnung gingen die untersuchten Menschen nicht früher zu Bett und konnten nicht besser einschlafen.

Schlafstörungen, spätes Einschlafen und sozialer Jetlag (große Unterschiede im Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus) können dementsprechend Risikofaktoren für das Rauchen sein. Eine Verringerung des sozialen Jetlags könne den Nikotinkonsum reduzieren, stellen die Autor*innen in den Raum.

Um Verzerrungen zu vermeiden, inkludierte diese Studie nur Menschen, die einen standardmäßigen Arbeitsrhythmus haben, also fünf aufeinanderfolgende Tage pro Woche arbeiten und zwei aufeinanderfolgende Tage frei haben. Menschen mit unregelmäßigem Arbeitsrhythmus und Schichtarbeiter*innen waren ebenso ausgeschlossen wie Menschen, die in den letzten drei Monaten von einem Transkontinentalflug zurückgekommen waren.

Auch Menschen mit psychiatrischen oder neurologischen Erkrankungen – außer Nikotinabhängigkeit – wurden bewusst nicht untersucht, um ein einheitliches Untersuchungsdesign zu gewährleisten.

Professionelle Unterstützung beim Aufhören

Das Rauchfrei Telefon (0800 / 810 013, www.rauchfrei.at) unterstützt Menschen, die von Tabak und Nikotin loskommen wollen.

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