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/home/.sites/685/site2987125/web/vivid/wp-content/plugins/advanced-custom-fields-pro/pro/fields/class-acf-field-clone.php on line 35 95 Prozent weniger Schadstoffe? - VIVID - Fachstelle für Suchtprävention

95 Prozent weniger Schadstoffe?

Ganze 95 Prozent weniger Schadstoffe beinhalten die neuen Nikotinprodukte angeblich im Vergleich zur konventionellen Zigarette. Aber stimmt diese Zahl? Und woher kommen die ominösen 95 Prozent?

Neue Tabak- und Nikotinprodukte mit „weniger Schadstoffen“ beworben

Neue Tabak- und Nikotinprodukte werden häufig mit „weniger Schadstoffen“ beworben. Meistens wird mit dem Wert „95 Prozent weniger“ agiert. Die proklamierte Schadensminimierung ist damit in Form einer konkreten Zahl angegeben. Aber was bewirkt das bei (potenziellen) Konsument*innen? Das versuchte eine Studie herauszufinden.

Von zwölf Fokusgruppen ging es in sechs um E-Zigaretten und in den anderen sechs um Snus. Befragt wurden einerseits Menschen, die aktuell konventionelle Zigarette rauchen und andererseits junge Erwachsene, die nicht rauchen.

Hohe Prozentzahl leicht verständlich

Laut den Befragten vermitteln die Botschaften stark, dass die Produkte weniger schädlich als Tabakzigaretten seien. Die Botschaften erregen demnach Aufmerksamkeit und können dazu verleiten, zu den beworbenen Produkten zu greifen. Insbesondere die konkrete, sehr hohe Prozentzahl sei sehr beeindruckend, ein „Eye-catcher“ und leicht verständlich.

Einzelnen Befragten kam die Zahl „95 Prozent weniger schädlich“ so hoch vor, dass sie schon unglaubwürdig wirkte. Sie meinten, der Wert sei „zu gut, um wahr zu sein“. Skeptisch waren Befragte auch, weil die E-Zigarette noch nicht lange genug am Markt ist, um Langzeitschäden abschätzen zu können. Hinterfragt wurde auch, ob die Tabakindustrie in diese Botschaft involviert sei.

In der Wahrnehmung und Interpretation gab es keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Snus- und E-Zigaretten-Gruppen und auch nicht zwischen Tabakrauchenden und Nichtrauchenden.

Woher kommen die 95 Prozent?

Aber woher stammt die Zahl „95 Prozent weniger Schadstoffe“? Von unabhängigen Forschenden wie Stanton Glantz, Reiner Hanewinkel und Thomas Eissenberg wurde diese Zahl wissenschaftlich hinterfragt und aufgrund fehlender Evidenz kritisiert.

Tatsächlich geht diese Zahl auf zwölf Wissenschafler*innen zurück, die im Jahr 2014 auf Basis von selbst entwickelten Kriterien eine Einschätzung zu unterschiedlichen Tabak- und Nikotinprodukten abgaben. Ihre Einschätzung war, die damals noch recht junge E-Zigarette beinhalte 95 Prozent weniger Schadstoffe als die konventionelle Zigarette. Laut ihrer späteren Kritiker*innen war dies eine reine Mutmaßung, die auf keinerlei Vergleichsstudien beruhte, sondern die subjektive Annahme der zwölf Anwesenden wiederspiegelte und – wie von ihnen selbst zugegeben – nicht durch harte Fakten belegbar sei.

Von der staatlichen britischen Institution „Public Health England“ wurde diese Zahl im Jahr 2015 jedoch in einer Publikation übernommen. Seither geht sie um die Welt, ohne jemals evidenzbasiert belegt worden zu sein.

Einschätzung statt Vergleichsstudie

Kritiker*innen des „95 Prozent“-Mythos betonen auch, dass manche der zwölf beteiligten Wissenschaftler*innen keine Publikationen zu Tabakkontrolle vorzuweisen hatten. Andere hatten vergessen, ihre früheren finanziellen Verbindungen zur Tabakindustrie und E-Zigaretten-Industrie anzugeben, wie ein Artikel in The Lancet bemängelt.

Jahre später wurde die Botschaft „95 Prozent weniger Schadstoffe“ auch auf Tabakerhitzer übertragen, obwohl sie zum Zeitpunkt der Meinungsfindung der zwölf britischen Expert*innen noch gar nicht auf dem Markt waren und deren Schadstoffgehalt infolgedessen von diesen natürlich auch nicht eingeschätzt wurde.

Aus der ursprünglichen Aussage „95 Prozent weniger Schadstoffe“ wurde im Laufe der Zeit mitunter „95 Prozent weniger Schädlichkeit“. Auch das ist ein nicht zulässiger Schluss und eine andere Aussage.

Die Berechnung bezieht außerdem laut Eigenangaben der Tabakindustrie die Substanz Nikotin nicht ein, also jenen Stoff, der süchtig macht und auch für sich betrachtet der Gesundheit schadet. Im Kleingedruckten steht häufig explizit „Ohne Nikotin“.

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